After Ruth Graham’s interview with Joshua Harris last week in Slate there was, once again, the predictable round of discussion on social media and in the blogosphere about evangelical “purity culture,” as it existed in youth ministries during the late 80s through the early 2000s. The term purity culture is probably part of the problem here, as there isn’t just one “purity culture” in evangelicalism.
Fundamentalist churches like the one Elizabeth Esther grew up in (which sounds very like the one I grew up in) where misogyny was rampant and sexual sin in the leadership was tolerated, covered up, or both are a different animal than a typical suburban evangelical megachurch where the worst thing happening on an institutional level is some unhelpful teaching on sex ethics and gender issues. Depending on the nature of the error, of course, that bad teaching can be more or less damaging.
But it’s not anywhere near the sort of thing that Esther and others coming out of more properly cultic backgrounds would have experienced. When folks like Katelyn Beaty and Samuel James defend “purity culture” they obviously have the latter in view rather than the former.
That sad, even the latter, more moderated sort deserves closer inspection. We have talked before about how the evangelical culture of the 1990s and early 2000s wasn’t so much a distinctly Christian counter-culture as it was a vaguely Christian sub-culture existing within the same consumer economy as all the other sub-cultures that a decadent capitalist system is happy to tolerate or even encourage. Capitalism will accommodate anyone as long as the chief way they express their individual and communal identification is through commercial activity. (Google “Karl Marx tee-shirt” if you don’t believe me.)
In many ways, that is how the evangelicalism that many millennials grew up with worked in practice. We had our parallel music industry with secular knock-off bands and their own annual awards show. We also had clothing lines, jewelry lines, and our own TV networks and shows. (Here I’m thinking more of The Family Channel, 7th Heaven, and the like rather than TBN, although TBN does have some overlap as well.)
Within this specific cultural context that behaved in ways indistinguishable from other sub-cultures (as far as the market was concerned), chastity became a way of branding oneself as being part of the inner ring of that sub-culture. “Purity,” came to be treated as something that was “cool” in the evangelical sub-culture in the same way that clothes from Hot Topic might be “cool” amongst confused suburban Goth types.
Consider this dc talk song from the early 90s:
Or this Superchick song from the early 2000s:
Note that the argument here is not that this kind of branding is necessarily a replacement for the actual virtue of chastity. It’s not. It’s more complicated and interesting than that. While there were churches where there really was no actual concern for genuine purity amongst the leadership but only with maintaining appearances and a certain level of control over people (I grew up in such a church), such places are almost certainly a minority amongst broader evangelicalism.
Far more common is the sort of church where the virtue, though affirmed and encouraged, is still mediated through the language of branding. This in itself still poses an enormous danger to the actual virtue of chastity because it inculcates in the members of the community a way of thinking about virtue that is fundamentally about self-construction, self-presentation, and that establishes an essentially commercial grammar for thinking about membership in the group.
This necessarily will over time erode the foundations of the actual virtue, leaving behind only the external manifestation of it as a brand that is desirable within a sub-culture. This isn’t because of any kind of uniquely vicious tendency in evangelicalism but because this is how brands work. The surface appearance will always end up eating the inner reality. Remember our Karl Marx shirts or our confused suburban goth kid who establishes his rejection of the mainstream by shopping at a chain located in a suburban mall who sells clothes made in Pakistan and China.
True chastity is not necessarily something that can be easily advertised or announced and it is certainly not a thing that can be easily commodified for establishing group identification in a commercially identifiable sub-culture. Modesty, on the other hand, can be commodified in such ways—and given the commercial incentive to do so, it inevitably would. Once chastity is reduced to modesty, one (comparatively small) external aspect of the virtue, then the brand needed to belong to the group now exists apart from the actual virtue the group wishes to teach its young people. You have the appearance, but not the internal reality. This is the sort of Christian practice many young people grew up with—internal realities occasionally existed but the main thing we were pushed toward was the appearance of godliness.
Is it any surprise, then, that when this generation went to college, so many of them left the church? The habits and routines that we had embraced as part of our Christian life largely consisted of external self-presentation to secure acceptance within the sub-culture. But if your commitment to the faith is no deeper than that, it’s hardly a surprise when your allegiance changes and you discover the need to brand yourself differently in order to appeal to a different sub-culture—a move many of us made with varying levels of difficulty once we got to college.
The challenge in approaching the issue in this way is that if I’m right, then there isn’t necessarily a single bad guy we can point at and blame for whatever problem it is we’re trying to address. The problem is not that we didn’t talk about the issue enough in youth groups. (If anything, we did the opposite.) Nor, in most cases, can the problem be laid primarily at the feet of ogreish pastors who never should have been serving in that role in the first place. We also can’t necessarily point at parents, although to the extent that parents sacrificed church life to pursue success as defined by their rich, white, suburban neighbors we perhaps can.
The problem is ultimately much deeper and so the response must necessarily be much more radical. In embracing an attractional church model in the early 80s, we created a way of doing church life that necessarily reduces Christianity to a kind of consumer option, something you choose to embrace if it makes sense to you.
Once you embrace it, you adopt a set of market habits that identify you as a member of the group and further solidify your membership in it. You go to their movies, listen to their bands, shop at their stores. This is the Christian life as it was given to many of us as young people. The internal realities of Christian faith existed, but what really matter was that we could externalize them, not through the simple practice of virtue, but instead through some kind of market activity that made the capitalists rich. And that, more than anything else, is the besetting sin not only of “purity culture” but of the evangelicalism that birthed it more generally.
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Much to like here, but I get the feeling that even you may be viewing chastity in terms merely of what one must not do (“Do not insert Tab A into Slot B”).
That’s how it came across to me 50 years ago, and although it was hedged about with rules to keep us from even getting Tab A *close* to Slot B, those were (it seemed to me) the rules observed publicly – roughly what you call modesty, or analogous to it. In private, it was a whole other game.
My point is, all the necking and petting was very unchaste and spiritually damaging even if one kept the ultimate taboo.
When I apologized a decade or so ago to one of my long-ago partners in penultimate unchastities, she, still Evangelical, seemed dumbstruck by my saying such a baffling thing. So although I ceased being unequivocally Evangelical 40 years ago and even equivocally Evangelical 18 years ago, I thought that caveat might still be timely and helpful.
If the exercise here is to shake one’s fist at banality, then well and good. I was teaching students throughout the late ’80s and into ’90s and beyone and was/am, at times, stupefied by what was/is marketed as shinier spirituality (though I think it unfair to plaster the accusation to many sincere folks who, in good faith, have worked to instruct youth in a biblical informed way). However, in reading this, I am left with the sense that I only got half of a good meal. One difficulty I have here is that in employing this Schaefferian style analysis, certain moral judgments need be made and pronounced in order to drive the narrative. As long as those judgments are grounded, then no objection is merited. However, what is argued here hangs its hat on assumptions that hit evangelicals like a scatter bomb, that their choices were/are indeed grounded in corruption. So we come up with the white middle class’ “besetting sin” (IE keeping up with the Joneses), accusing evangelicals of selling Christianity as a “consumer option”, and implicating certain individuals as being complicit with illicit “branding”. While I completely agree that those things are problems, it strikes me that this analysis over-simplifies the landscape of a much more variegated culture. It ain’t shallow everywhere. But, and as I see it, more problematic, is that it also assumes, by implication, the ethical superiority of certain choices over others. In such an instance one must make his case on the basis of clearly defined lines revealed in holy writ or in the story of God’s natural order. It is here that I speak to the analysis of markets (“capitalism”). In order to make this narrative stick, then, it need be demonstrated that John Q. Citizen is, indeed, guilty of sins in his decision-making. But my question is this: Who decides that John Q’s motivation was actually to keep up with the Joneses? And how can one tell? Is the mere fact that he buys a new Toyota indicative of a spiritual problem? Or is moving into a suburb a sin? Or this: Does one’s time tweeting information about English professional soccer (ouch) indicate a deeper ethical issue since that enterprise, after all, relies on “capitalist” decision-making to float the profits and keep the fans filling seats, watching and…tweeting? And on it goes. It could be that corruption is poisoning one’s choices. Then again, maybe not. Accountability on these questions is provided by God-ordained institutions, and honest believers can disagree about how the particulars work themselves out. My own view is that families and churches have probably not done a good enough job in teaching to properly discern what makes for a good choice, given our nature, how human desire comports with depravity, etc. But it also strikes one as a dangerous game to play to pronounce judgments beyond our ken, for it is here that we can accuse the brethren in such a way as to implicate God’s good creation (and, thus, God Himself?). Much as I appreciate Schaeffer, it is here that one ought to pause and consider the gravity of this type of grand critique and be assured of solid ground afoot. Otherwise, we can devolve into a tit for tat dust-up over preferences in short order. Do we really need any more of those?
Even as a Christian college kid I made fun of Christian music (which even then put me unfortunately in the more-sensibly-Christian-than-thou group). I do remember when my girlfriend (now wife) heard the Barlow Girl song on the radio. I am proud to say that even then we made fun of it mercilessly.
Complete other side note that is related to your market-related critique: with the near-collapse of the Christian music industry parallelism, the only thing that remained was “worship” music. Christian music as we knew it in the 90s/early 2000s doesn’t exist anymore. The only thing that could survive the new market of iPods, Pandora, etc. was the only thing that made Christian music unique in the first place: worship lyrics directed to God. This raises new issues about *some* maturity in Christian music, but broader issues about atheological and market-driven music labels now determining the diet of church music.
Let’s not forget that, since the 1980s, evangelical churches have largely attracted audiences by playing to the anxieties of young parents confronted with the task of raising kids in an increasingly neoliberal culture. In that sense, church often plays a similar role for middle-class Americans that country clubs and swim/racquet clubs do for wealthier Americans. The morality of the former tends to be a bit more explicit than that of the latter. But the goal is the same.
I participate in a running club that meets on Sunday mornings. Many of the members are empty-nesters who attended evangelical churches for years. Two of the couples in the group were members of the PCA church where I was a member. They mentioned that they stopped doing church because everything revolved around families with children. They even realized that all of their social connections at church revolved around the facts that their kids and the other families’ kids had mutual interests, e.g., swam on the same swim team, played lacrosse together, etc.
The problem the church faces today is that its prescriptions for navigating the neoliberal culture are not very effective. And the rise of the internet and social media make it harder to shield kids from alternative approaches. That probably explains why membership at tennis/racquet clubs is up, and church attendance is down.
Church attendance is down because sinners don’t want to go to church and liars tell them it’s not their fault.
Hey, look at that. I summed everything up, without all the tiresome analyzing.
[…] This piece provides some very interesting analyses about the evangelical world of that era. Purity as Branding in the Evangelical Sub-Culture by Jake […]