At this point anyone concerned with the future of religious institutions in the United States is already aware of this week’s ruling in Bostock v Clayton County. (Oyez has the key facts; the folks at Volokh Conspiracy put together a summary of the opinion from Justice Gorsuch as well as the dissents from Justices Alito and Kavanaugh.)
Here I want to draw together various considerations related to the case. This is a necessarily complex issue and so this piece is going to read more like scattered observations than a single cohesive essay.
If we posit that all people have a right to the material goods needed for life and if we recognize that, like it or not, the primary most people access those goods in our society is via employment, then it seems entirely reasonable on Christian grounds to argue for strong protections of workers from unjust firing.
Indeed, to argue for the right of all employers to be able to fire LGBTQ+ individuals due to their being gay or transgender seems implicitly to argue that on a principled level LGBTQ+ people do not have the right to the material goods needed for life, given that it is very hard or even impossible for many people to access those goods without employment.
As Justice Alito noted in his dissent, the argument for covering sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) under Title VII’s protections against sexual discrimination relies upon reading contemporary conceptions of sex backwards into older court rulings.
It seems to me that the only way we can coherently argue for Title VII protections covering SOGI is if we draw on Casey to make the point. If a person defines their sexual identity for themselves, per Casey, then I can see how you argue for Title VII protections applying to gay and transgender persons. Title VII defined the principle regarding sex discrimination. Casey defines sexual identity. Bostock simply reads Casey back into the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Yet I’m not sure Gorsuch’s reasoning actually allows for that sort of argument. Gorsuch’s argument depends on a peculiar sort of essentialism. In particular his argument regarding transgender individuals seems to rely upon a biological realism that would be anathema to many LGBTQ+ activists:
Or take an employer who fires a transgender person who was identified as a male at birth but who now identifies as a female. If the employer retains an otherwise identical employee who was identified as female at birth, the employer intentionally penalizes a person identified as male at birth for traits or actions that it tolerates in an employee identified as female at birth. Again, the individual employee’s sex plays an unmistakable and impermissible role in the discharge decision.
Follow Gorsuch’s logic: In order to demonstrate that the dismissal of a transgender employee is based in sex discrimination, he argues that the person’s biological sex continues to be a constitutive part of that person’s identity. I am not sure how to square this with odd form of biological realism with the trans rhetoric about biological sex.
Consider this Scientific American column in which the author argues that biological sex itself is not binary and is inherently fluid. But if biological sex itself is not fixed, I do not see how Gorsuch can argue for Title VII protections of transgender employees in the way that he does here, for he is assuming that there is a stable, fixed thing called “biological sex” that can be constitutive of individual identity—alongside other considerations. Yet that seems to be the very thing many transgender activists reject. Given this particular mode of arguing, I do wonder if Gorsuch has snuck a certain kind of essentialism into the court’s jurisprudence on these matters.
Here is another key excerpt from Gorsuch:
We are also deeply concerned with preserving the promise of the free exercise of religion enshrined in our Constitution; that guarantee lies at the heart of our pluralistic society. But worries about how Title VII may intersect with religious liberties are nothing new; they even predate the statute’s pas- sage. As a result of its deliberations in adopting the law, Congress included an express statutory exception for religious organizations. §2000e–1(a).
This Court has also recognized that the First Amendment can bar the application of employment discrimination laws “to claims concerning the employment relationship between a religious institution and its ministers.” Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. EEOC, 565 U. S. 171, 188 (2012). And Congress has gone a step further yet in the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 (RFRA), 107 Stat. 1488, codified at 42 U. S. C. §2000bb et seq.
That statute prohibits the federal government from substantially burdening a person’s exercise of religion unless it demonstrates that doing so both furthers a compelling governmental interest and represents the least restrictive means of furthering that interest. §2000bb–1. Because RFRA operates as a kind of super statute, displacing the normal operation of other federal laws, it might supersede Title VII’s commands in appropriate cases. See §2000bb–3.
But how these doctrines protecting religious liberty interact with Title VII are questions for future cases too.
Two hallmarks of the Roberts court so far seem to be a keen concern with religious liberty and a desire to give exceedingly narrow rulings on religious liberty, so as to not tie the court’s hands in future cases. This ruling is of a piece with those tendencies, which we have already seen in earlier cases, such as Masterpiece.
Given that, it is likely a mistake to move too quickly to the doomsday scenarios for religious institutions. Certainly, it is possible that this ruling could lead to devastating outcomes for such institutions—Justice Alito made much of this concern in his dissent—but it does not seem anything like a certainty that it will. Questions of religious liberty have been and will continue to be a lingering question for this court. The forthcoming ruling in Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru is going to be significant on this point, as will the court’s understanding of the ‘ministerial exemption,’ as it relates to discrimination.
The strongest argument for the alarmists is that what the court has actually done in this ruling is define sexual orientation and gender identity as being protected classes in the same way that race or sex already is.
This, for example, would be how Christian colleges could be targeted. If a Christian college has dorms segregated by gender and refuses to house a transgender student with their preferred gender, is that college engaged in an act of discrimination comparable to that already condemned in the Bob Jones ruling?
By the logic of Gorsuch’s opinion, I don’t see how the answer can be anything other than “yes.” And if the answer is “yes,” then it follows that the college in question—as well as any other colleges with similar policies—would be subject to the same fate that Bob Jones was 40 years ago, which would mean the revocation of their access to federal loan monies to finance a student’s education. I have not seen more recent numbers, but as of 2015 the loss of access to such funds would functionally shutter many Christian colleges and universities across the country.
Note that this hypothetical does not concern employment. If the issue in question were the hiring or firing of an employee, it is possible that an expanded view of the ministerial exception could protect Christian colleges and universities. The hypothetical I have raised is not about employment discrimination, but what I guess you could call housing discrimination. Because the court has now ruled that SOGI qualities for protected-class status in the area of employment discrimination, it seems that other forms of discrimination besides employment discrimination will need to be revisited in light of this ruling. And that reinterpretation will be very hard on religious institutions that wish to uphold the traditional Christian teaching regarding sexuality.
The best version of Sohrab Ahmari’s infamous critique of David French is that French massively undervalued the degree to which contemporary liberalism is corrosive of religious faith because he also massively overvalues the relative importance of legal victories.
This week is a real-life case study for that critique, given that French’s Sunday newsletter was a celebration of evangelical legal advocacy that hailed the movement as one of the most successful legal movements of the past 40 years. This line in particular did not age well:
Court decision after court decision has held that churches and religious organizations enjoy enormous autonomy (greater autonomy than secular organizations) in hiring and firing employees, and that autonomy is nearly absolute when it comes to hiring and firing ministerial employees.
If Ahmari’s critique is that French fails to understand the precariousness of religious life in America because he fails to see how our current legal and political norms undermine religious life… well, this week made that argument look much stronger.
The argument most Trump-supporting Christians made for voting for Donald Trump is that SCOTUS justices are of such immense importance in our nation that we should, essentially, make our peace with supporting any candidate that would promise us good justices.
Even at the time many of us, myself included, on the Never Trump side said that this was no sure thing. Legalized abortion was saved by a Reagan appointee. Obamacare, for those who wanted to repeal it, was saved by a Bush appointee. To this, the only response the Trumpists could offer is that with a Republican justice you at least had a chance of getting someone good. Our response to that, of course, was that ‘the chance of getting a non-catastrophic SCOTUS justice is not nearly enough of a payoff to justify torching our credibility with the nation by supporting a man who has, by his own admission, sexually assaulted many women.’ Character still mattered, we said. And if we give our support to Trump, we will have completely given up our ability to credibly make that argument.
Well, we have forfeited our right to make that argument. And what we got for it was a ruling that may well have the same net effect as the ruling a Democratic-majority court would have given us. Certainly, it’s worth noting that much still remains to be decided with regards to the liberty of religious institutions. It may well be the case that the qualifications provided by Gorsuch, which would likely not have been offered in a 6-3 ruling given by a court featuring two Clinton appointees, will provide essential cover for our institutions in the years to come. But it also may not—and to forfeit an argument as central to Christian social witness as the importance of character in our leaders—for a benefit this thin seems like a horrible trade.
For too long religious conservatives have acted as if persuasion did not matter, that theirs was a movement that did not need converts. The Trumpists of our number most obviously gave in to this sort of thinking. But the Never Trumpers like French embraced their own version of it by overstating the value of legal triumphs, even as cultural defeats piled up all around us.
The first task before Christian conservatives right now is to consider how it is that we came to this state and how we can go about fixing things. Any attempt at such a work must foreground persuasion as an authentic goal of our movement. Once upon a time stories of hard leftists becoming staunch conservatives were common—Richard John Neuhaus, Whittaker Chambers, Irving Kristol… you know their names. These days the most frequent conversion stories go in the opposite direction as thinkers raised on the American right move to the left as they age and mature. It is hard to blame them when one considers the sorry state of the American right. Indeed, on many matters a conversion to the left seems to me a genuine good. Certainly I expect America’s workers and her land will fare better if the left is ascendant.
Yet ultimately if we believe in the givenness of things and particularly the givenness of the human body, then an ascendant left will not only be bad news for America’s religious conservatives; it will be bad news for America herself.
The first order task for American conservatives today is a rediscovery of confidence in the truthfulness of their principles and, buoyed by such confidence, a bold engagement with the pivotal arguments and intellectual disputes of our day. If the truth is on our side, then this is a struggle that we will eventually win. But if we are too scared to attempt the hard work of persuasion and, instead, choose to keep using power to protect ourselves, via increasingly dubious means, then our movement will continue to shrink, eventually coming to nothing. That fate, though possible and perhaps even probable at this point, is not guaranteed. It is up to us to make sure it does not come to pass.